據(jù)不*統(tǒng)計(jì),現(xiàn)有壓縮機(jī)、風(fēng)機(jī)、汽輪機(jī)、燃?xì)廨啓C(jī)、制冷機(jī)、膨脹機(jī)等“機(jī)類”標(biāo)準(zhǔn)750~800個(gè);“泵”類標(biāo)準(zhǔn)860多個(gè);“離心機(jī)”標(biāo)準(zhǔn)60多個(gè);“密封”標(biāo)準(zhǔn)230多個(gè),總計(jì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)數(shù)量在2000個(gè)以上。上述統(tǒng)計(jì)僅局限于中國國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn),ISO標(biāo)準(zhǔn)以及美國、英國、日本、德國、法國等國的*標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和二個(gè)美國行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(機(jī)械工程師協(xié)會(huì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和美國石油協(xié)會(huì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn))。各級地方標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和企業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)以及其他國家的各類標(biāo)準(zhǔn)則未包括在內(nèi)。 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)所規(guī)定的內(nèi)容非常廣泛,有機(jī)泵產(chǎn)品的基本型式與參數(shù)、性能、名詞術(shù)語、標(biāo)記、評價(jià)、尺寸、通用技術(shù)條件、試驗(yàn)方法、施工規(guī)程、驗(yàn)收規(guī)范、測量方法、等級劃分等等,但大體可以歸納為設(shè)計(jì)、制造、安裝驗(yàn)收三個(gè)方面。也有些是機(jī)泵某些部件如閥片、鑄件、聯(lián)軸節(jié)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)或某些性能的規(guī)定,如有關(guān)振動(dòng)、噪聲、潤滑的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)等等。 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)所牽涉的產(chǎn)品種類也非常多,以泵為例,有離心泵、計(jì)量泵、螺桿泵、往復(fù)泵、水輪泵、潛水泵、油泵、清水泵、試壓泵、旋渦泵、低溫泵、真空泵、羅茨泵、分子泵、齒輪泵泥漿泵、耐腐蝕泵、深井泵、水環(huán)泵、混流泵、軸流泵、鍋爐給水泵、液下泵、注水泵、化工流程泵、不堵式泵、無泄漏泵、塑料泵、消防泵等等,還有很多。其名稱有些是按泵的常規(guī)分類方法劃分的如葉片泵、容積泵等,有些則是按用途劃分的如污水泵、衛(wèi)生泵等,有些名稱則比較隨意如擴(kuò)散泵、液氮泵等。只要有此類產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn),有制定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的需求,通過一定的申請、批準(zhǔn)手續(xù)就可能產(chǎn)生一個(gè)新的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),但有時(shí)內(nèi)容也有相當(dāng)?shù)慕徊?、重?fù)。就國內(nèi)和國外的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)而言,則國內(nèi)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)數(shù)量多于國外的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)??偟膩碚f,像離心泵這樣應(yīng)用廣泛,產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)歷史長久的泵類標(biāo)準(zhǔn)比較多(離心泵相關(guān)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的總數(shù)達(dá)到100多個(gè)),而像無泄漏泵這種迅速發(fā)展起來的新型泵類標(biāo)準(zhǔn)則比較少。無泄漏泵目前可查到的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)共有7項(xiàng),其中國外3項(xiàng),國內(nèi)4項(xiàng),分別為: ASME/ANSI B73.3M-1997 SPECIFICATION FOR SEALLESS HORIZON-TAL END SUCTION CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS FOR CHEMICAL PROCESS 化工用水平吸入無泄漏離心泵規(guī)范 API STD 685-2000 SEALLESS CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS FOR PETROLEUM, HEAVY DUTY CHEMICAL, AND GAS INDUSTRY SERVICES 石油、重化學(xué)和天然氣工業(yè)用無泄漏離心泵 VDMA24279-1993 SEALLESS CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS 無泄漏離心泵 HG/T 2730-1995 磁力驅(qū)動(dòng)離心式化工流程泵 JB/T 7742-1995 小型磁力傳動(dòng)離心泵 JB/T 8400-1996 無泄漏磁力傳動(dòng)塑料自吸泵 JB/T 53304-1999 小型磁力傳動(dòng)離心泵產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量分等 注:ASME是美國機(jī)械工程師協(xié)會(huì)(The American Society of Mechanical Engineers)的簡稱; VDMA是德國工程協(xié)會(huì)(the German Engineering Federation)的簡稱。 壓縮機(jī)類的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)包括壓縮機(jī)、風(fēng)機(jī)、汽輪機(jī)、燃?xì)廨啓C(jī)、制冷機(jī)等的標(biāo)準(zhǔn), 其大體數(shù)量如表1 所示。從表1可看出國內(nèi)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)數(shù)量明顯多于國外標(biāo)準(zhǔn)數(shù)。 表1: 壓縮機(jī)類標(biāo)準(zhǔn)數(shù) | 壓縮機(jī) | 風(fēng)機(jī) | 汽輪機(jī) | 燃?xì)廨啓C(jī) | 制冷機(jī) | 合計(jì) | 中國國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)GB | 40 | 10 | 17 | 21 | 2 | 90 | 中國行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)JB等 | 123 | 44 | 108 | 26 | 23 | 324 | 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化組織ISO | 26 | 8 | 3 | 19 | | 56 | 美國國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)學(xué)會(huì)ANSI | 16 | 1 | 7 | 17 | 4 | 45 | 英國標(biāo)準(zhǔn)學(xué)會(huì)BS | 37 | 8 | 8 | 15 | 3 | 71 | 德國標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化學(xué)會(huì)DIN | 45 | 1 | 7 | 7 | 9 | 69 | 日本工業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)JIS | 13 | 1 | 3 | 13 | 2 | 32 | 法國標(biāo)準(zhǔn)NF | 36 | 4 | 9 | 14 | 2 | 65 | 美國石油協(xié)會(huì)API | 5 | 1 | 1 | 1 | | 8 | 合計(jì) | | | | | | 761 | 以上共計(jì)761個(gè)(國內(nèi)414個(gè)、國外346個(gè)) API,是美國石油協(xié)會(huì)(American Petroleum Institute)的簡稱。美國石油協(xié)會(huì)是zui早也是zui成功的制定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的商會(huì)之一,從1924年制定*個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)開始,至今維持著500項(xiàng)左右標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的修訂、更新,其內(nèi)容覆蓋整個(gè)石油和天然氣工業(yè),為石油工業(yè)的安全生產(chǎn)、設(shè)計(jì)、制造、施工和安裝提供了技術(shù)保障,并獲得了巨大的經(jīng)濟(jì)利益。API的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)包括防腐和材料、檢驗(yàn)、壓力容器和儲(chǔ)罐、電器、換熱器、管道、泄壓系統(tǒng)、儀表及控制、閥門、鉆探設(shè)備、油氣測量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)等,其中機(jī)械設(shè)備方面的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)主要是機(jī)泵標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。API機(jī)泵標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是我國化工、石油和石化行業(yè)zui重要的參考標(biāo)準(zhǔn)?,F(xiàn)將API有關(guān)機(jī)泵標(biāo)準(zhǔn)列于表2。 表2 API機(jī)泵標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 序號 | 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)號 | 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)名稱 | 備注 | 1 | 610 | Centrifugal Pumps for Petroleum, Heavy Duty Chemical and Gas Industry Services, 8th Edition 石油、重化工和天然氣工業(yè)用離心泵(第8版) Centrifugal Pumps for Petroleum, Petro-chemical and Gas Industry Services, 9th Edition 石油、石油化工和天然氣工業(yè)用離心泵(第9版) | Aug. 1995, (第8版)1995 January 2003, (第9版)2003 | 2 | 611 | General Purpose Steam Turbines for Petroleum, Chemical, and Gas Industry Services 石油、化工和天然氣工業(yè)用普通工業(yè)汽輪機(jī) | 4th Edition, June 1997 (第4版) | 3 | 612 | Special Purpose Steam Turbines for Petroleum, Chemical, and Gas Industry Services, 5th Edit. 石油、化工和天然氣工業(yè)用特殊用途工業(yè)汽輪機(jī) Petroleum, Petrochemical and Natural Gas Industries-steam turbines-special-purpose application. 4th Edition 石油、化工和天然氣工業(yè)用工業(yè)汽輪機(jī)(特殊用途) | 4th Edition, June 1995,(第4版) 5th Edition, April 2003,(第5版) | 4 | 613 | Special Purpose Gear Unit for Petroleum, Chemical, and Gas Industry Services. 石油、化工和天然氣工業(yè)用特殊用途齒輪箱 | (第5版) Feb. 2003,(第4版), June 1995 | 5 | 614 | Lubrication, Shaft-Sealing, and Contro-Oil System and Auxilaries for Petroleum, Chemical, and Gas Industry Services. 石油、化工和天然氣工業(yè)用潤滑、軸封、控制油與輔助系統(tǒng) | 4th Edition, April 1999 (第4版) | 6 | 616 | Gas Turbines for Petroleum, Chemical, and Gas Industry Services. 石油、化工和天然氣工業(yè)用燃?xì)廨啓C(jī) | 4th Edition, August 1998 (第4版) | 7 | 617 | Centrifugal Compressors for Petroleum, Chemi-cal, and Gas Industry Services, 6th Edition 石油、化工和天然氣工業(yè)用離心壓縮機(jī) Axial and Centrifugal Compressors and Expander-Compressors for Petroleum, Chemical, and Gas Industry Services, 7th Edition 石油、化工和天然氣工業(yè)用軸流式、離心式壓縮機(jī)及氣體膨脹壓縮機(jī) | 6th Edition, Feb 1995,(第6版) 7th Edition, July 2002, (第7版) | 8 | 618 | Reciprocating Compressors for Petroleum, Chemical, and Gas Industry Services. 石油、化工和天然氣工業(yè)用活塞式壓縮機(jī) | 4th Edition, June 1995 (第4版) | 9 | 619 | Rotary-Type Positive Displacement Compressors for Petroleum, Chemical, and Gas Industry Services. 石油、化工和天然氣工業(yè)用旋轉(zhuǎn)活塞式壓縮機(jī) | 3rd Edition, June 1997, (第3版) | 10 | 670 | Vibration, Axial Position, and Bearing Temperature Monitoring Systems, 3rd Edition 振動(dòng)、軸位移和軸承溫度監(jiān)測系統(tǒng) Machinery Protection System, 4th Edition 機(jī)械保護(hù)系統(tǒng) | 3rd Edition, Nov 1993,(第3版) 4th Edition, Re-affirmed, November 2003, (第4版) | 11 | 671 | Special Purpose Couplings for Petroleum, Chemical, and Gas Industry Services. 石油、化工和天然氣工業(yè)用特殊用途聯(lián)軸節(jié) | 3rd Edition, October 1998 (第3版) | 12 | 672 | Packaged, Integrally Geared Centrifugal Air Compressors for Petroleum, Chemical, and Gas Industry Services. 石油、化工和天然氣工業(yè)用 整體快裝式離心空氣壓縮機(jī) | (第3版), Sep 1996, (第4版), to be published 2004 | 13 | 673 | Special Purpose Fan(Includes Errata Dataed January 2002) 特殊用途風(fēng)機(jī)(2002補(bǔ)充勘誤表) | (第2版), November 2001 | 14 | 674 | Positive Displacement Pumps-Reciprocating 正位移(往復(fù)式)泵 | 2nd Edition, June 1995 (第2版) | 15 | 675 | Positive Displacement Pumps-Controlled Volume 2nd Edition, October 1994, 正位移(容積控制式)泵,(第2版) | Reaffirmed March 2000 ,經(jīng)2000年再確認(rèn) | 16 | 676 | Positive Displacement Pumps-Rotary 2nd Edition, December 1994, 正位移泵(回轉(zhuǎn)式),(第2版) | Reaffirmed March 2000,經(jīng)2000年再確認(rèn) | 17 | 677 | General-Purpose Gear Units for Petroleum, Chemical, and Gas Industry Services 石油、化工和天然氣工業(yè)用一般用途齒輪箱 | 2nd Edition, July 1997, Reaffirmed March 2000 | 18 | 681 | Liquid Ring Vacuum Pumps and Compressors 1st Edition, February 1996, 液環(huán)式真空泵和壓縮機(jī),(第1版) | Reaffirmed June 2002,經(jīng)2002年再確認(rèn) | 19 | 682 | Shaft Sealing System for Centrifugal and Rotary Pumps, 1st Edition 離心泵和回轉(zhuǎn)泵軸封系統(tǒng) ,(第1版) Pumps-Shaft Sealing System for Centrifugal and Rotary Pumps, 2nd Edition 離心式和回轉(zhuǎn)泵 的泵軸密封系統(tǒng),(第2版) | 1st Edition, Oct 1994 (第1版) 2nd Edition, July 2002,(第2版) | 20 | 685 | Seal-less Centrifugal Pumps for Petroleum, Chemical, and Gas Industry Services 石油、化工和天然氣工業(yè)用無泄漏離心泵 | 1st Edition, October 2000,(第1版) | 21 | 684 | Tutorial on the API Standard Paragraphs Covering Rotor Dynamics and Balance | 2nd Edition, to be published 2004 | 22 | 683 | Quality Improvement Manual for Mechanical Equipment in Petroleum, Chemical, and Gas Industry,1st Edition, September 1993, | Reaffirmed March 2000 | 23 | 686 | Machinery Installation and Installation Design 1st Edition, February 1996, | Reaffirmed June 2002 | 24 | 687 | Rotor Repair, 1st Edition, | September 2001 | 25 | 687 | Rotor Repair-Data CD 2nd Edition, | September 2001 | |